Nipah Virus and its Prevention.

Nipah virus (NiV) infection is a newly emerging zoonosis that causes severe disease in both animals and humans. The natural host of the virus are fruit bats of the Pteropodidae Family, Pteropus genus. 

 Nipah virus was identified for the first time in parts of Singapore and Malaysia in 1999 but outbreaks have now also occurred in Kerala and Bangladesh. 
The virus that is usually carried by flying foxes - a kind of bat - or pigs and can be spread between humans through close contact with people’s secretions and excretions. 
Eating fruits that have been partially eaten by infected bats or the cooked meat of infected animals can also lead to people developing the virus. 
The main symptom of Nipah virus infection in humans is encephalitis, which means inflammation of the brain. 

 NiV infection in humans has a range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory syndrome and fatal encephalitis. NiV is also capable of causing disease in pigs and other domestic animals. There is no vaccine for either humans or animals. The primary treatment for human cases is intensive supportive care.

 Prevention
Nipah virus infection can be prevented by avoiding exposure to sick pigs and bats in endemic areas and not drinking raw date palm sap.
Additional efforts focused on surveillance and awareness will help prevent future outbreaks. Research is needed to better understand the ecology of bats and Nipah virus, investigating questions such as the seasonality of disease within reproductive cycles of bats. Surveillance tools should include reliable laboratory assays for early detection of disease in communities and livestock, and raising awareness of transmission and symptoms is important in reinforcing standard infection control practices to avoid human-to-human infections in hospital settings (nosocomial infection).
A subunit vaccine, using the Hendra G protein, produces cross-protective antibodies against HENV and NIPV has been recently used in Australia to protect horses against Hendra virus. This vaccine offers great potential for henipavirus protection in humans as well.

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